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Hydrocarbon Processing Refining Databook 2025: Europe, Russia & CIS
EU net-zero polices have shifted refining investment among member states, while across the region countries and companies continue to adjust to changes in trade flows caused by the war in Ukraine
Europe faces test of gas resolve
European Commission is on its way to meeting clean energy goals, but energy security concerns and higher costs may give it second thoughts
India’s Russian crude buying has reached its limit
Middle East grades remain a diminished but important part of the South Asian country’s diet, especially as new refining capacity comes online
US goes after Russian gas money, part 2
While Donald Trump’s future sanctions policy is anything but certain, he may use a ‘carrot and stick’ approach to pursue an end to the war in Ukraine, although any changes will not happen overnight
US goes after Russian gas money, part 1
The latest sanctions on Gazprombank and other Russian banks may cause disruption, but willing buyers of Russian energy will find ways to continue payments
Russia reaches for nationalisation
There is a growing impulse to nationalise Russia’s energy sector out of its difficulties, but any steps in this direction would not be taken overnight
Russian LNG scrambling to emulate oil’s success
A sanctions-defying ‘shadow fleet’ is being assembled, but it remains unclear where Russia will sell the liquefied gas while Arctic LNG 2 remains strangled by sanctions
Russia’s quest for energy ‘technological sovereignty’, part 2
The country faces big challenges as it seeks to replace Western suppliers when it comes to LNG carriers, while sanctions have all-but halted its petrochemicals expansion
Russia’s quest for energy ‘technological sovereignty’, part 1
The country inherited a near self-sufficient oil and gas industry from the USSR, and it is working fast to eliminate shortfalls in its domestic capability, where advanced drilling and subsea technologies remain a vulnerability
Europe has coping mechanisms for life after Russian gas
The Ukraine–Russia gas transit and interconnection agreements are due to expire at the end of this year, but despite some uncertainty, Europe seems well-prepared
Nord Stream 2 Russia Donald Trump Angela Merkel Germany
Jason Corcoran
3 August 2018
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Ukraine is key to unlocking Nord Stream 2

Europe’s desire for cheap, stable energy clashes with the political need to maintain cordial US relations and support Ukraine

Political consensus in Europe appears to be shifting on just how to soften the impact of Nord Stream 2 on Ukraine as a transit country, amid continued wrangling over the Russian pipeline. East European and Baltic states fear that the Gazprom project, which would double the existing Nord Stream pipeline's annual capacity of 55bn cubic meters, could increase Europe's reliance on Russian gas and make a serious dent in Ukraine's strained federal coffers. However, Western European powers like Germany and France argue that the additional pipeline is necessary because natural gas is as much as 25% cheaper than liquefied natural gas. The pipeline, which is due to be completed by the end of 2019 or

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